ECO-CAOs: a conceptual metamodel for knowledge ecosystems

Abstract

The increasing complexity and dynamism of organizations demand more adaptive, innovative, and continuous learning capabilities. Addressing this challenge, this research presents the ECO-CAOs, a conceptual metamodel designed for mapping and managing Organizational Knowledge Ecosystems (ECO) and fostering Organizational Learning Cultures (CAO). Based on Systems Theory, Systems Thinking, and Knowledge Ecology, the ECO-CAOs framework structures ecosystems around four key elements: Actors, Resources and Activities, Institutions, and their Relationships. These elements are dynamically interrelated, with a particular emphasis on Learning Culture as an underlying institutional layer. The research adopts a Design Science Research methodology, combining bibliometric analysis, an integrative literature review, framework development, and real-world application within a knowledge-intensive organization. Results reveal the framework’s potential to strengthen knowledge integration, promote the emergence of learning communities, and enhance innovation processes. Additionally, the study introduces emerging constructs such as ecoepisteme—the specific knowledge of an ecosystem—and organizational nepantla—spaces of cultural negotiation within organizations. Conclusions highlight that the ECO-CAOs metamodel provides a systemic and ecological perspective on organizational knowledge, contributing both theoretical advances and practical tools to design, manage, and evolve more resilient and learning-oriented knowledge ecosystems. Its application fosters collective intelligence and sustainable knowledge management practices, essential for organizations operating in complex and rapidly changing environments.